The main purpose of this test is the unequivocal identification of the polio strains used during the production of vaccines. Who department of immunization, vaccines and biologicals, geneva. The simple synthesis of a virus has farreaching societal implications. Department of health poliovirus laboratory case definition. Laboratory surveillance of polio and other enteroviruses in. Genetic characterization of viruses, based on vp1 sequences, is critical to. Ftoc is a phd student studying the evolutionary dynamics of enteric viruses in nigeria. A convenient rapid culture assay rca for the detection of enteroviruses was evaluated against rtpcr using 576 stool and 102 cerebrospinal fluid csf samples. Stool specimens were collected at the residence of the children and tested at the medical research institute the polio regional reference laboratory in colombo, sri lanka, for the presence of poliovirus using standard poliovirus detection methodology. Clusters of polio cases caused by wild poliovirus importations, central african republic, 20082011.
Polio manual for the surveillance of vaccinepreventable. A garamycinamphotericin b solution was added to the specimen giving a final concentration of 100. Pdf the global polio laboratory network as a platform. Data are available for 1996 to date by country and by who region. Rapid and accurate identification of poliovirus strains used. Who polio laboratory manual page 55 recommends pretesting such sera for the presence of poliovirus inhibitors. The global polio laboratory network as a platform for the viral. Type 2 poliovirus detection after global withdrawal of. Polio lab network quarterly update june 2004 labs urged to report, even if mistakes made prompt evidence of wild poliovirus transmission is crucial at this stage of the initiative to decisively interrupt the last remaining chains of virus transmission. Jul 01, 2017 as the polio eradication initiative is getting closer to celebrating eradication, this article emphasize achievements and reflect on transitioning assets and skills of a key part of the program, the global polio laboratory network, to support other public health initiatives. The who european regional polio laboratory network supports global polio eradication activities and it ensures that all 53 member states have access to an accredited polio laboratory.
The word polio has been used to describe both a disease and the disease agent. Laboratories need leaders who can effectively utilize the laboratories resources, maximize the laboratoriescapacity to detect disease, and advocate for laboratories in a fluctuating health care environment. Lamp assay was developed and validated for the detection of human enterovirus 71 ev71. The global polio laboratory network gpln began building in the late 1980s on a 3tiered structure of 146 laboratories with different and complementary technical and support capacities. An alternative test algorithm for poliovirus isolation and characterization. In recent years, reestablishment of pv circulation in countries where pv was previously eliminated has occurred because of decreased herd immunity, possibly due to poor vaccination coverage. Stool samples collected from afp cases and contacts are sent to the kenya institute of medical research kemri polio laboratory for virus isolation, typing, and intratypic differentiation, using the who standard polio testing procedures. Pdf polio eradication initiative pei contribution in. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Sue huang and colleagues, writing in todays lancet, took advantage of the opportunity presented by the 2002 change from opv to inactivated poliovirus vaccine ipv in new zealands immunisation.
Jul 01, 2004 as recently as last year, hopes were high that the world soon could be polio free. National enterovirus reference laboratory, victorian infectious diseases reference. Vaccinerelated poliovirus shedding in trivalent polio. While the goal of afp surveillance is to detect and investigate all afp cases in children polio laboratory for virus isolation and characterization by molecular methods, the goal of es is to detect poliovirus circulation by means of sewage sampling. Pdf diagnostic assay development for poliovirus eradication. Jun 10, 2016 the childs parents expressed informed written consent for publication of all clinical data. Backgroundin mayjuly 2004, type 1 vaccinederived poliovirus vdpv was isolated from 2 case patients with polio and a contact of a third case patient in guizhou province.
Detection and characterization of polioviruses springerlink. Human enteroviruses are responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical diseases affecting many different organ systems. Surveillance manual polio vaccine preventable diseases cdc. The rca used immunoperoxidase staining of cell culture plates with a blend of monoclonal antibodies mabs against enterovirus vp1 on the second. However, even the best laboratory efforts are not useful.
Suspensions of the stool specimens were inoculated in l20b and rhabdomyosarcoma rd cells based on world health organization manual for polio laboratories network polio laboratory manual, 2004. Laboratory acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in malaysia. Isolates were sequenced sequetech, mountain view, ca to confirm that the region to be amplified in the 5. Polio outbreak investigation and response in somalia, 20. Who works with governments and partners across the region to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable. Environmental surveillance for polioviruses in the global. Adewumi mo for thoughtful critique of our manuscript, the entire staff of the who national polio laboratory in ibadan nigeria for their valuable technical assistance and rivm, the netherlands, for the enterovirus antisera panel. Polio laboratory network world health organization.
Centers for disease control and prevention progress toward global polio eradicationafrica, 2011. The current fourth version of the polio laboratory manual who ivb04. Ninth informal consultation on the global polio laboratory. Outbreak of poliomyelitis caused by type 1 vaccinederived. Poliovirus laboratory case definition lcd the public health laboratory network have developed a standard case definition for the diagnosis of diseases which are notifiable in australia. This page allows you to request a table with afp polio data which can be tailored to your individual needs.
The testtube synthesis of a chemical called poliovirus. Encompassing 47 national and subnational laboratories in 37 countries, it is the largest component of the global polio laboratory network gpln. The report shows that by the end of 2007, type 1 polio was reduced by 81% the sharpest ever drop in a single year. Proper laboratory procedures are essential for correctly identifying and characterizing pathogens from patients with bacterial meningitis. Gnn gene test traces a polio epidemic in the making. Type 2 poliovirus detection in pakistan, afghanistan, and nigeria after opv2 withdrawal. Nigeria, india, pakistan, niger, afghanistan, and egypt. We describe the draft genome of a bovine enterovirus ev isolate recovered from sewage in nigeria. Report of the 2015 informal consultation of the gpln pdf 275kb 2525 june 2015, geneva, switzerland. First detection of enterovirus 71 from an acute flaccid. One hundred and ninety stool samples were also tested by conventional cell culture ccc.
English fourth edition, final revision, 31 august 2004. The sewage specimens are concentrated at the vacsera laboratory, cairo, using a twophase polyethylene glycol pegdextran separation method. Eurosurveillance response to a wild poliovirus type 2 wpv2. This combination of primers and probes resulted in the serotype identification and intratypic differentiation of poliovirus isolates as described in world health organization, polio laboratory manual 4 ed. Despite the fact that poliomyelitis caused by polioviruses has been eliminated from iran, the number of acute flaccid paralysis afp cases has not been reduced. The paralytic rate and propensity for geographical spread of poliovirus type 1 is higher than for poliovirus type 3, and therefore the strategic priority of the initiative was to rapidly increase population immunity against poliovirus type 1 with mopv1 while attempting to control the other serotypes with topv or mopv3. Two fully vaccinated operators with risk of exposure were advised on stringent personal hygiene and were monitored for virus shedding. The global polio laboratory network gpln was established in 1990. Isolation of sabinlike polioviruses from wastewater in a. The polio laboratory network continues to provide virology results that are critical for monitoring the progress towards the achievement of the global polio eradication goal. World health organization 2004 polio laboratory manual, 4th. Development of a poliovirus neutralization test with poliovirus pseudovirus for. Development of poliovirus extraction method from stool. Pakistan, afghanistan and nigeria are the only three countries within eastern mediterranean and african regions respectively where polio is still endemic.
Global polio laboratory network, geneva, switzerland, and at the first international conference of the african society of laboratory medicine, 2012 dec 17, cape town, south africa. This isolate replicates on both rd and l20b cell lines but is negative for all ev screens in use by the global poliovirus eradication initiative gpei. World health organization 2004 polio laboratory manual who ivb04. For more than 20 years, since it was first published in 1983, the laboratory biosafety manual has provided practical guidance on biosafety techniques for use in laboratories at all levels. Original article from the new england journal of medicine randomized, placebocontrolled trial of inactivated poliovirus vaccine in cuba. The current fourth version of the polio laboratory manual whoivb04. Detection of imported wild polioviruses and of vaccine. The title was also amended from wildtype poliovirus 1 transmission in israel. Development of a poliovirus neutralization test with poliovirus pseudovirus for measurement of neutralizing antibody titer in human serum. Here, we analyzed the epidemiology of prolonged and chronic immunodeficiencyrelated vaccinederived poliovirus cases in a registry maintained by the world health organization, to. Aided by the development of newgeneration tools and tactics, an intensified polio eradication effort was launched in 2007, sequentially targeting type 1 polio virus the most paralytic, then type 3.
Detection of human enterovirus 71 reverse transcription loop. While in 1988, there were 125 countries with endemic polio polio had been present for 12 months or more polio today is endemic in six african countries. Wpv strains isolated by the kemri polio laboratory were sent to the centers for disease control and. Stools from the patient were processed according to the polio laboratory manual, who inoculating 0. Polio lab network quarterly update december 2004 the european network continues to meet the challenge of maintaining high laboratory performance in the absence of endemic polio. Sep 25, 2017 individuals with primary immunodeficiency disorder may excrete poliovirus for extended periods and will constitute the only remaining reservoir of virus after eradication and withdrawal of oral poliovirus vaccine. From these seed stocks, we grew stocks of positive controls in hep2 cells using methods described in the who polio laboratory manual. The polio laboratory since its accreditation in 1996 has supported the disease surveillance department for afp. For this new edition, the manual has been extensively revised and expanded.
Kinetics of poliovirus shedding following oral vaccination as. Polio, short for poliomyelitis, or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. Stool samples were sent to the bangladesh national polio and measles laboratory for poliovirus culture and stored at. Isolation and characterization of poliovirus in cell culture systems. Wildtype poliovirus 1 transmission in israel what is the risk to the. The global anti polio campaign has been successful as the number of polio cases has decreased from an estimated 350,000 cases in 1988 to 407 cases in 20. Immunogenicity of a new routine vaccination schedule for global poliomyelitis prevention. Nucleotide variation in sabin type 3 poliovirus from an. Who expert committee on biological standardization, geneva, pp.
World health organization 2003 guidelines for environmental surveillance of poliovirus circulation. Characterization of the nonpolio enterovirus infections. On 3 april 2017, a wild poliovirus type 2 wpv2 spill occurred in a dutch vaccine manufacturing plant. The most efficient pretest procedure is the cell sensitivity test routinely used throughout the laboratory network for quality control quarterly update, x, 3. Briefly, two stool sample aliquots each were inoculated. Adhoc environmental surveillance elsewhere especially in polio free regions provides insights into the international spread of poliovirus. The pcr method reported in the present study can be used for the accurate identification of poliovirus strains used for production of polio vaccines. Although infection is usually asymptomatic, infections of the central nervous system manifested as meningitis or encephalitis can pose a serious public health problem, especially during outbreaks. World health organization, global polio eradication initiative. The global polio laboratory network gpln began building in the late. The concentrates are inoculated into rd and l20b cell lines, and the virus isolates are serotyped by pv antisera according to the instructions in the polio laboratory manual. Presence or absence of poliovirus in stool samples was reported by serotype. A decade of commitment to the who global polio eradication initiative. The polio lab network quarterly update is published quarterly in english by the.
In response to changing requirements and lessons learned in establishing and developing the global polio laboratory network, the manual was revised in 1997 whoepigen97. Viral cultures were performed according to the methodologies of the 4th edition of the world health organization polio laboratory manual. Laboratories need leaders who can effectively utilize the laboratories resources, maximize the laboratoriescapacity to detect disease, and advocate for laboratories in. Wild poliovirus importation, central african republic. Molecular typing of enteroviruses associated with viral. The department of immunization, vaccines and biologicals, who, geneva, switzerland. This method would be useful for extraction of pv from crude biological samples. Since the global polio eradication initiative was launched in 1988, indigenous transmission of wild poliovirus wpv has been interrupted in all countries except afghanistan, pakistan, and nigeria. Ideally, cells grown with the local batch of serum should. World health organization 2007 supplement to the who polio laboratory manual. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relationship. In the global polio eradication initiative, laboratory diagnosis plays a critical role by isolating and identifying poliovirus pv from the stool samples from acute flaccid paralysis afp cases. One of the outstanding scientific endgame questions for poliomyelitis eradication is how long vaccinerelated polioviruses will circulate after cessation of use of oral poliovirus vaccine opv. Magnetic nanoparticles sensitized with soluble pv receptor efficiently extracted pv pseudovirus 99% extraction or endogenous infectious pvs 90% extraction from stool extracts.
A convenient rapid culture assay for the detection of. The network detected wild poliovirus cases in 22 countries between january 2004 and 1 june 2005. Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of meningitis chapter 3. Polio laboratory manual service temporarily down world health. This page contains the laboratory case definition for poliovirus. The manual now covers risk assessment and safe use of recombinant dna technology, and provides guidelines for the comissioning and. Laboratory quality standards and their implementation. B vvii world health organization, geneva, switzerland polio laboratory manual 4th edition, 2004 whoivb04. Isolation procedures were then followed according to the who polio laboratory manual.
Aug 16, 2010 the work carried out in diagnostic laboratories located in most countries of the world to isolate and characterize poliovirus from clinical samples is also essential to support the global polio eradication initiative, the most ambitious public health effort ever attempted by man. Laboratory studies, especially attempted poliovirus isolation, are critical for. Isolation and identification of enteroviruses from sewage and. Enterovirus a71 genogroups c and e in children with acute flaccid paralysis, west africa maria d. Effective polio surveillance requires virologists, epidemiologists, clinicians and national immunization programme staff, backed up by a global network of laboratories. In this second year after the european region eur was certified as polio free, all laboratories are fully accredited and. A method for extracting poliovirus pv from stool extracts was developed. World health organization supplement to the who polio laboratory manual. Use of a novel realtime pcr assay to detect oral polio.
Polio eradication initiative pei contribution in strengthening public health laboratories systems in the african region article pdf available in vaccine 3443 september 2016 with 5 reads. World health organization 2004 polio laboratory manual. Mar 01, 2017 laboratory surveillance of polio and other enteroviruses in highrisk populations and environmental samples vasiliki pogka, a stavroula labropoulou, a mary emmanouil, a androniki voulgarikokota, a alexandra vernardaki, b theano georgakopoulou, b and andreas f. Enterovirus a71 genogroups c and e in children with acute. Isolation of sabinlike polioviruses from wastewater in a country using inactivated polio vaccine.
Pdf laboratory acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in. Failure to detect infection by oral polio vaccine virus. Global polio laboratory network as a platform for the viral. Development of a poliovirus neutralization test with.
However, even the best laboratory efforts are not useful if the results are not accurately reported to those who make policy and epidemic response decisions. Pdf the global polio laboratory network as a platform for. Both specimens were sent to the national polio laboratory for poliovirus surveillance. Neither of the specimens produced cytopathic effect in cells.
Supplement to the who polio laboratory manual an alternative test algorithm for poliovirus isolation and characterization s1. Polio lab network quarterly update volume iv number 4 1998 eradication progress brings greater laboratory challenges t he global polio laboratory network meeting, geneva, 12 october 1998 served as a reminder of both the remarkable progress toward polio eradication and the work that still lies ahead to reach the year 2000 target. Draft genome sequence of a bovine enterovirus isolate. Randomized, placebocontrolled trial of inactivated. Meningitis lab manual results management and reporting cdc.
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